Specific learning disabilities are complex neurodevelopmental disorders that significantly impact an individual’s academic achievements, social interactions, and overall well-being. Both cognitive science and technological developments geared toward artificial intelligence have helped us better understand and serve people with specific learning disabilities. This review article examines cognitive science and artificial intelligence studies, focusing on predicting and detecting the most prevalent specific learning disabilities, namely dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia in children. It aims to establish a correlation between cognitive research and artificial intelligence techniques that can benefit the affected population. Understanding both domains enables the development of more effective artificial intelligence technologies grounded in cognitive science principles. Artificial intelligence can revolutionize early prediction, detection, and interventions for specific learning disabilities. The success of this effort lies in the collaboration among data scientists, clinicians, and domain experts.